【www.tingchehu.com--卫生职称】
第一篇
Better Control of TB Seen if a Faster Cure Is Found
The World Health Organizationl estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it.
The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.
Current treatments take at least six months. Patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious
patients who can pass on their infection to others.
The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.
The World Health Organization developed the DOTS program in 1990. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.
Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.
31. Each year, about __________ people die of TB, according to the World Health Organization.
A. one-third of all
B. eight million
C. two million
D. one million
32. The mathematical model tested in Southeast Asia shows that a faster cure is developed and in wide use as early as the year of __________.
A.1990
B.2020
C.2030
D.2012
33. Now there are __________ most common drugs being used for more than forty years.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
34. Which of the following statements in NOT right in Paragraph 2?
A. Current treatments of TB take at least six months.
B. Shorter treatment program would likely mean more patients cured, and fewer infectious patients.
C. The patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily.
D. The patients should stop taking antibiotic drugs as soon as they feel better.
35. The long-term goal of the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development is a treatment that could work
A. in half a year
B. in two months
C. in ten doses
D. in ten days
第二篇
Most Adults in U.S. Have Low Risk of Heart Disease
More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years, according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent.
"I hope that these numbers will give physicians, researchers, health policy analysts, and others a better idea of how coronary heart disease is distributed in the US population." lead author Dr.
Earl S. Ford, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, said in a statement.
The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects, between 20 and 79 years of age, who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Exanimation Survey from 1988 to 1994.
Overall,82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent,15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent, and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent.
The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age, and men were more likely than women to be in this group. By contrast, race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions.
Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10 -- year risk of heart disease, a large proportion have a high or immediate risk, Dr. Daniel S. Berman, from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, and Dr. Nathan D. Wong, rom the University of California at Irvine, note in a related editorial.
Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward, they add.
36. Which of the following statements is NOT right?
A. The 10-year risk of heart disease is low for most U.S. adult.
B. Elderly people have a higher risk of heart disease than younger people.
C. Women have a higher risk of heart disease than men.
D. The distribution of the risk of heart disease is hardly related to race.
37. According to the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, __________ of the U.S. adults had a risk of developing heart disease above 20 percent in the next 10 years.
A. three percent
B. ten percent
C. twenty percent
D. eighty-two percent
38. __________ does have the least effect on risk distribution.
A. Age
B. Gender
C. Race
D. Blood group
39. What"s the percentage that 15% of the U.S. adults had a risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years?
A. About 3%.
B. Less than 10%.
C. Between 10% and 20%.
D. Above 20%.
40. Dr. Daniel and Dr. Nathan suggest reducing the risk of overall population by __________.
A. losing weight
B. aggressive treatment measures
C. public health strategies
D. both B and C
第三篇
Dangers Await Babies with Altitude
Women who live in the world"s highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies,a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.
Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn"t clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished--many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.
To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998.The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.
Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birth weight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. "We were very surprised by this result," says Giussani.
The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. "This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child, "says Giussani.
His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body.
Giussani wants to fred out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary (冠状的) heart disease. And newborns with ahigh ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.
41. What does the new study discover?
A. Babies born to wealthy families are heaver.
B. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies.
C. Newborns in cities are lighter than average.
D. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life.
42. Gussani and his team are sure that
A. babies born in La Paz are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz
B. people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to under-weight babies
C.. the birth weigh of babies born to wealthy families in Santa Cruz
D. mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished
43. It can be inferred from what Gussani says in Paragraph 4 that __________ .
A. the finding was unexpected
B. he was very tired
C. the study took longer than expected
D. he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz
44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the under-wight babies is __________ .
A. lack of certain nutrition
B. poverty of their mother
C. different family backgrounds
D. reduction of oxygen levels
45. It can be learned about from the last paragraph that __________ .
A. high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later life
B o under-weight babies have a shorter life span
C. babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth
D. new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies
2014年真题
第一篇
The Bilingual Brain
When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea"s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. Their work led to an important discovery. They found evidence that children and adults don"t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.
The researchers used an instrument called an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. One group consisted of those who had leamed a second language as children. The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn"t speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.
Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain- Broca"s area,which is believed to control speech production, and Wernicke"s area, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke"s area no matter what language they were speaking. But their use of Broca"s area was different.
People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca"s area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca"s area for their second language. How does Hirsch explain this difference?
Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.
A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch,sound, and sight. And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.
31. Karl Kim"s study showed that __________ .
A. people learn English and Korean in different way
B. children and adults use the different parts of the brain to lean a second language
C. it is not possible for an adult to speak a second language fluently
D. people"s brains will not change when they learn a second language
32. How did Kim and Hirsch study the brains of two groups of bilingual people?
A. They interviewed them in English and Korean.
B. They asked them to speak the same language.
C. They used an MRI scanner to observe their brains.
D. They asked them to talk about what they had done the day before.
33. Which aspect of the two languages centers in the brain does Paragraph 3 discuss?
A. Impact.
B. Function.
C. Location.
D. Size.
34. Kim and Hirsch find that children __________ .
A. use the same region in Broca"s area to learn their first and second language
B. learn a second language slower than adults
C. are better at acquiring the sound system of a second language than adults
D. use special parts of the brain to program the structures of their first language
35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________ .
A. students do better in high school than in college
B. bilingual children will learn better in college classes
C. mothers are good language teachers
D. it takes more time for adults to learn a second language
第二篇
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It bays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way. You may be a talented musician,but you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different. Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities. Psychologists have two different views on intelligence. Some believe there is one general intelligence. Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.
These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests. They do well on tests using words,numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests. Those who do poorly on one test, do the same on all tests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence. The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem Solving. The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction. Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children. He believes that all children are different and shouldn"t be tested by one intelligence test. Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn"t think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling. He think that the human mind has different intelligences. These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life. Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences. Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology. For example, when one part of the Brain is injured, other parts of the brain still work. People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can still sing. So, there is not just one intelligence to lose. Gardner has Identified 8 different kinds of intelligence; linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, Interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic (身体动觉的 ) , and naturalistic.
36. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. How to understand intelligence.
B. The importance of intelligence.
C. The development of intelligence tests.
D. How to become intelligent.
37. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence?
A. Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests.
B. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests.
C. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests.
D. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.
38. Gardner believes that __________ .
A. children have different intelligences
B. all children are alike
C. children should take one intelligence test
D. there is no general intelligence
39. According to Gardner, schools should __________ .
A. test students" IQs
B. train students who do poorly on tests
C. focus on finding the most intelligent students
D. promote development of all intelligences
40. Gardner thinks that his theory has a __________.
A. musical foundation
B. biological foundation
C. intrapersonal foundation
D. linguistic foundation
第三篇
Some Sleep Drugs Do More Than Make You Sleep
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ordered companies to place strong new warnings on thirteen drugs that treat sleep disorders. It also ordered the makers of the sleeping pills to provide information for patients explaining how to safely use the drugs.
Last Wednesday, the FDA announced that some of these drugs can have unexpected and dangerous effects. These include the risk of life-threatening allergic reactions. They also include rare incidents of strange behavior. These include people cooking food, eating and even driving while asleep. The patients later had no memory of doing these activities while asleep.
Last year, a member of the United States Congress said he had a sleep-driving incident.
Patrick Kennedy, a representative from Rhode Island, Crashed his car into a security barrier near thebuilding where lawmakers meet. The accident happened in the middle of the night and no one washurt. Mr. Kennedy said he had earlier taken a sleep medicine. He said he was also being treated with a stomach sickness drug that could cause sleepiness.
The Food and Drug Administration did not say in its announcement how many cases of sleep-driving it had documented. However, the New York Times reported last year about people who said they had strange sleep events after taking the drug Ambien. Some reported sleep-driving and sleep-walking. Others said they found evidence after waking in the morning that they had cooked food or eaten in their sleep. But they had no memory of carrying out the activities.
A FDA official says that these serious side effects of sleep disorder drugs appear to be rare.
But, he also says there are probably more cases than are reported. He says the agency believes the risk of such behaviors could be reduced if people take the drugs as directed and do not drink alcohol while taking the drugs. The Food and Drug Administration has advised drug companies to carry out studies to investigate the problem.
41. The FDA announced that __________ .
A. thirteen drug companies were closed last Wednesday
B. only thirteen drugs could treat sleeping disorders
C. some sleep drugs could lead to serious side effects
D. some makers of sleeping 0ills provided false information to their patients
42. The FDA warned that some sleeping pills __________ .
A. can help people to learn to cook
B. prevent people from driving while asleep
C. present life-threatening risk to patients
D. have severe effect on a patient"s long-term memory
43. What happened to Patrick Kennedy last year?
A. He crashed his car into a security barrier.
B. He was killed during a car accident.
C. His car broke down on the way home.
D. He was treated for stomachache.
44. After taking the drug Ambien, some people __________.
A. are unable to drive
B. don"t know how to cook
C. suffer from eating problems
D. fall asleep while walking
45. The risk of strange behaviors resulting from taking sleeping pills could be reduced if __________.
A. the FDA takes more strict regulations
B. drug companies listen to patients"advice
C. the New York Times releases more reports
D. people don"t drink alcohol while taking these pills
2013年真题
第一篇
Why Don"t Babies Talk Like Adults?
Over the past half-century, scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to baby talk. One states that a young child"s brain needs time to master language, in the same way that it does to master other abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a child"s vocabulary level is the key factor. According to this theory, some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation occurs. Children"s mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.
In 2007, researchers at Harvard University, who were studying the two theories, found a cleverway to test them. More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U. S. each year. Many of them no longer hear their birth language after they arrive, and they must learn English more or less the same way infants do--that is, by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees don"t take classes or use a dictionary when they are learning their new tongue and most of them don"t have a well-developed first language. All of these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language is learned.
Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker, Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27 children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years. These children began learning English at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task. Even so, just as with American-born infants, their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft (缺乏的 ) of function words, word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip. The adoptees and native children started combining words in sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes, further suggesting that what matters is not how old you are or how mature your brain is, but the number of words you know.
This finding--that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage-- suggests that babies speak in baby talk not because they have baby brains, but because they have only just started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations. Before long, the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on.
Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.
But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question. Adult immigrants, who learn a second language rarely, achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a"critical period" for language development, after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency. Yet we still do not understand this critical period or know why it ends.
31. What is the writer"s main purpose in Paragraph 2?
A. To reject the view that adopted children need two languages.
B. To argue that culture affects the way children learn a language.
C. To give reasons why adopted children were used in the study.
D. To justify a particular approach to language learning.
32. Snedeker, Geren and Shafto based their study on children who __________.
A. were finding it difficult to learn English
B. were learning English at a later age than US children
C. had come from a number of language backgrounds
D. had taken English lessons in China
33. What aspect of the adopted children"s language development differed from that of US-born children?
A. The rate at which they acquired language.
B. Their first words.
C. The way they learnt English.
D. The point at which they started producing sentences.
34. What does the Harvard finding show?
A. Not all toddlers use baby talk.
B. Some children need more conversation than others.
B. Language learning takes place in ordered steps.
D. Not all brains work in the same way.
35. When the writer says "critical period", he means a period when__________.
A. studies produce useful results
B. adults need to be taught like children
C. language learning takes place effectively
D. immigrants want to learn another language
第二篇
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes. With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins), the complete DNA of each individual is unique.
DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DAN fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes,and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars- the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two samples probably came from the same person.
DNA fingerprinting was" first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing,and the possible misuse of the technique.
The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are "fingerprinted"; a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results.
DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNAevidence.
Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.
36. If two sisters are identical twins, their complete DNAs are __________.
A. the same
B. unique
C. different
D. similar
37. DNA fingerprinting is a technique of__________.
A. grouping DNA strands into structures
B. segmenting DNA with probes
C. constructing body tissues by enzymes
D. identifying a person by comparing DNAs
38. DNA fingerprinting was first used in
A. criminal investigation
B. animal reproduction
C. private laboratories
D. genetic disease detection
39. People question the reliability of DNA fingerprinting for__________.
A. the subjective interpretation of test results
B. its complex procedure
C. its large scale research
D. its uniform testing standards
40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that DNA fingerprinting __________.
A. is costly to the police
B. could be a social issue
C. is the only way to prove innocence
D. has been a profitable business
第三篇
On the Trial of the Honey Badger
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾) . The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers" movements and behavior as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal"s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
"The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new." he says. "That, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won"t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They"re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious ( 凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen."
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal"s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups.
They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals" curiosity--or a sudden aggression. The badgers" eating patterns, which had been disrupted, to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seemed to badgers" relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wild life experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A. To find where honey badgers live.
B. To observe how honey badgers behave.
C. To catch some honey badgers for food.
D. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
B. They are always looking for food.
C. They do not enjoy human company.
D. It is common for them to attack people.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A. There were some creatures they did not eat.
B. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
C. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
D. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A. They don"t run very quickly.
B. They hunt over a very large area.
C. They defend their territory from other badgers.
D. They are more aggressive than females.
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
A. They became less aggressive towards other creatures.
B. They lost interest in people.
C. They started eating more.
D. Other animals started working with them
答案与解析
2015年真题
第一篇
31．C。细节题。题干：根据世界卫生组织，每年约有__________人死于TB。利用题干关键词TB．die和world Health Organization可以定位到第一段“But each year about eight million people develop active cases ofTB。usually in their lungs．Two million people die ofit”，可知每年约有800万人感染TB，200万人因此丧命，所以该题答案为C(200万)。
32．D。细节题。题干：南亚被检验的数学模型表明最早在——年将有较快的治愈率和广泛的应用。利用题干关键词south Aisa，faster cure和wide use可以定位到第三段的尾句，可知该模型如果在2012年有较快的治愈率和广泛的应用，那么在2012到2030年之间就会有减少，可知本题答案为D(2012年)。
33．D。细节题。题干：现在有——种常见药已经使用了40多年。利用题干关键词common drugs和forty years可以定位到最后一段“The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old”，可知有四种常见药已经使用了40多年了，故D(四种)为正确答案。
34．D。细节题。题干：根据第二段，下列哪项是不正确的?根据第二段第一句可知目前治疗TB需要至少6个月，所以选项A是正确的；根据第二段的第二句可知病人需要每天同时服用好几种抗生素，所以选项C是正确的；根据第二段的第三句和第四句可知，许多病人在感觉好点后就停止服药，这会导致抵抗治疗效果的感染，所以选项D(病人在感觉好点后应该停止服药)是错误的：根据第二段的最后两句可知，短期治疗项目意味着有更多病人被治愈，也意味着被感染的病人较少地将TB传染给其他人。因此，本题答案为D。
35．C。细节题。题干：TB全球联合会的长期目标是一种__________ 治疗。利用题干关键词long-term goal和Global Alliance for TB Drug Development可以定位到最后一段的最后一句，可知该组织的长期目标是找到一种治疗方法，通过十次剂量就有效，故本题答案为C(十次的剂量)。
第二篇
36．C。细节题。题干：下列哪项说法是不正确的?利用题干无法定位到相关信息，可以改为定位选项。利用选项A的关键词10-year可定位到第一段的第一句，可知未来10年80%的美国人患心脏病的概率小于10%。所以A项(十年内患心脏病的风险对多数的美国成年人来说是较低的)是正确的；分别定位选项B、C和D中的关键词，可以定位到第五段，可知高风险的比例随着年龄而增加，同时男性比女性患病的可能性大，而种族对风险的分布几乎没有影响，因此B(老人比年轻人患心脏病的风险大)项和D项(心脏病风险的分布几乎与种族无关)是正确的，而C项(女性比男性患心脏病的风险大)是错误的。
37．A。细节题。题干：根据《美国心脏学学院期刊》，__________美国人在未来十年内心脏病患病风险大于20%。利用题干关键词above 20 percent和the next 10 years可以定位到第一段的最后一句，可知只有3%，因此该题选A项(3%)。
38．C。细节题。题干：__________对风险分布的影响最小。利用题干关键词the least effect可以定位到第五段的最后一句“race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions”，可知种族对风险的分布几乎没有影响，因此该题选c项(种族)。
39．C。细节题。题干：15%的美国人在未来十年患心脏病的概率是多少?利用题干关键词15%ofthe us可以定位到第四段“15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent”，可知l5%的美国人在未来十年患心脏病的概率降到10%——20%，故本题答案为C(10%——20%之间)。
40．D。细节题。题干：Dr．Daniel和Dr．Nathan建议通过__________来降低所有人群的风险。利一 用题干关键词Dr．Daniel and Dr．Nathan和reduce the risk可以定位到最后一段，可知Dr．Daniel和Dr．Nathan认为需要更激进的治疗措施和公共卫生策略来降低所有人群的风险(shift downward)，所以该题答案为D。
第三篇
41．B。细节题。题干：新的研究发现了什么?利用题干关键词new study可以定位到第一段的第一句，可知“那些生活在世界社区的妇女可能会生出体重不达标的婴儿”，所以B(生活在海拔高的地区的女性可能会生出体重不达标的婴儿)为正确答案。
42．A。细节题。题干：Gussani和他的团队确定的是__________ 。利用题干关键词Gussani and his team和sure可以定位到第四段的首句，可知“足够确定的是，Gussani发现La Paz地区婴儿出生时的平均体重与Santa Cruz相比有着显著的减轻”，所以该题正确答案为A(出生在La Paz的婴儿比出生在SantaCruz的婴儿平均体重轻)。．
43．A。细节题。题干：根据第四段Gussani所说，可以推断出__________。利用题干关键词Gussani says in Paragraph 4可以定位到第四段，从中可知“我们对这个结果感到很吃惊”，所以推知结果是意料之外的，故该题答案为A(发现是意料之外的)。
44．D。细节题。题干：研究结果表明造成婴儿体重不达标的原因是__________。利用题干关键词result ofthe study和reason等可以定位到第五段，可知“研究结果表明出生在高纬度的婴儿在出生前被剥夺了氧气(呼吸较少的氧气)”，由此不难得出该题的答案为D(氧气的减少)。
45．B。推断题。题干：根据最后一段可以推断出__________。根据最后一段，可知La Paz地区出生的孩子在成年时有患心脏病的风险，体重不达标是患冠心病的一个因素，新出生的头比身子大的孩子在今后的生活中可能会有患高血压和中风的风险。由此可知选项A与原文不一致，选项C未提及，选项D未提及，因此可以推断这些孩子因为患病概率较大而寿命不太长，故该题答案为B．(体重不达标的婴儿寿命比较短)。
2014年真题
第一篇
31．B。细节题。题干：Karl Kim的研究表明__________ 。利用题干关键词Karl Kim和study可以定位第一段“Their work led to an important discovery．They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts ofthe brain when they learn a second language”，即“他们的工作导致了一项重要的发现。他们找到证据证明小孩和大人使用不同的大脑部位学习第二语言”，可知答案为B。
32．C。细节题。题干：Kim和Hirsch是如何研究两组双语人群的大脑的?利用题干关键词Kim，Hirsch和studythebrains可以定位到第二段“The researchersused aninstrumentcalled an MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people．”，即“研究者使用一个叫作MRI的扫描仪来研究两组双语人群的大脑”，由此可知C为正确答案。
33．B。细节题。题干：第三段讨论的是大脑中两个语言中心的哪个方面?利用题干关键词two language centers可以定位到第三段“Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain—Broca’s area，which is believed to control speech production，and Wernicke’s area．which is thought to process meaning．”，即“Kim和Hirsch特别研究了大脑中的两个语言中心，一个是在大脑的Broca区，此区是控制语言的生产，另外一个区是Wemicke区，这个区是处理意义”。由此可知讨论的是两个语言中心的功能，所以B为正确答案。
34．A。细节题。题干：Kim和Hirsch发现孩子 __________。利用题干关键词Kim，Hirsch和children可以定位到第四段“People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca’s area for both their first and second languages．”，即“人们在童年学习第二语言时，他们使用的是与第一语言同样的区域”，因此A为正确答案。
35．C。推断题。题干：从最后一段可以推断出__________。最后一段谈到孩子和成人学习语言的方式不同，Hirsch认为母亲使用不同的方法教婴儿学说话，这与高中或大学班级的学习截然不同。由此推断母亲是很好的语言教师，所以C为正确答案。
第二篇
36．A。主旨题。题干：这篇文章的主要大意是什么?利用题干短文的题目“Approaches to Understanding Intelligences”即“理解智力的模式”，可知本文关注的如何理解智力，因而答案为A。
37．B。细节题。题干：关于普遍智力的说法下列哪一项是正确的?利用题干关键词general intelligence等可以定位到第一段“Some believe there is one general intelligence．Others believe there are many different intelligences”，即“有的人认为有一种普遍的智力，而其他人则认为有多种类型的智力”，根据这句话无法确定答案；可以利用定位选项关键词进行解答，分别定位四个选项的关键词可以定位到第二段“…people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests．They do well on tests using words，numbers or pictures．They do well on individual or group tests．and written or oral tests”，即“那些在一种类型的智力测验中表现好的人在其他测验中也表现好。他们在使用词汇、数字和图片的测验中表现好。他们无论是在个人的还是团队的测验中也表现好，在书面的或口语的测验中也表现好”，由此可知B为正确答案。
38．A。细节题。题干：Gardner认为 。利用题干关键词Gardner可以定位到第四段和第五段，但是无法确定相关的原句，所以还需要通过定位选项的关键词来进行原句的定位。分别定位四个选项的关键词，可以定位到第四段“He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test”，即“他认为所有孩子是不同的，而且不应该通过一种智力测验进行测验”，由此可知A为正确答案。
39．D。细节题。题干：根据Gardner，学校应该__________。利用题干关键词Gardner和school可以定位到第四段“Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of Our intelligences”，即“Gardner认为学校的目的就是鼓励我们所有人的智力发展”。因而D为正确答案。
40．B。细节题。题干：Gardner认为他的理论有__________。利用题干关键词Gardner和school可以定位到第五段“Gardner says that his theory is based on biology”，即“Gardner认为他的理论是基于生物学的”，所以B为正确答案。
第三篇
41．C。细节题。题干：FDA宣布__________。利用题干关键词FDA和ann0吼ce可以定位到第二段“Last Wednesday,the FDA announced that some of these drugs can have unexpected and dangerous effects．”，即“上周三FDA宣布一些药品有不可预期的和危险的作用”，而“some of these drugs”就是上文提到的治疗失眠的药品，因而答案为c；其他三个选项都与原文信息不一致。
42．C。细节题。题干：FDA警告说一些治疗睡眠问题的药片__________。利用题干关键词FDA和drug pills无法定位到相关信息，可以改为定位选项。分别定位选项关键词可以定位到第二段“These include the risk of life—threatening allergic reactions．They also include rare incidents of strange behavior．These include people cooking food，eating and even driving while asleep．The patients later had no memory of doing these activities while asleep”，可知治疗睡眠问题的药片的副作用包括有生命危险的过敏反应，会导致一些奇怪行为的发生，包括人们在梦游时做饭、吃东西甚至驾驶，而病人此后对此却毫无记忆，由此可知C为正确答案。
43．A。细节题。题干：Patrick KeIlIledy上周发生了什么事?利用题干关键词Patrick Kennedy可以定位到第三段，可知去年，美国国会官员，罗得岛议员Patrick Kelllledv说他就有驾车梦游的事，把车撞到立法人员办公楼附近的安全栅栏上。幸亏事故发生在深夜，所以无人受伤。Kennedy说，那天晚上睡前他服用了安眠药，也服用了使人困倦的胃药，由此可知A为正确答案。
44．D。细节题。题干：在吃了Ambien这种药后，一些人__________。利用题干关键词Ambien可以定位到第四段，由此可知，《纽约时报》去年报道过有关人们承认自己服用Ambien安眠药后有奇怪梦*为的事件，包括梦游与驾车梦游。也有人在早晨醒来后发现自己梦游时做过饭或吃过东西，但是却不能回忆起睡梦中的行为，因而D为正确答案。
45．D。细节题。题干：因为吃安眠药片所导致的奇怪行为的危险可能会减少，如果__________。利用题干关键词reduce可以定位到第五段“He says the agency believes the risk of such behaviors could be reduced if people take the drugs as directed and do not drink alcohol while taking the drugs．”，即“他说食品及药品管理局认为如果人们按照说明谨慎服药，并且服药时不喝酒，这样的危险行为就会减少”，因而D为正确答案。
2013年真题
第一篇
31．C。推理题。题干：文章第二段，作者的主要目的是__________。根据第二段最后一句，可知这些因素让他们成为关于如何学习语言的竞争假设实验的理想人群，而这句的前面提到了领养的国际儿童的特殊性，也就是他们适合这个实验的原因。故C是正确答案。
32．B。细节题。题干：Snedeker，Geren和Shafto将他们的研究建立在__________孩子的基础之上。根据关键词“Snedeker，Geren，Shafto”定位到第三段第二句，可知这些孩子开始学习英语的时间比美国当地儿童要晚，但他们有更成熟的大脑处理任务。故B是正确答案。
33．A。细节题。题干：领养孩子的语言发展跟美国出生的小孩在__________方面不同。根据第三段第四句可知，他们都经历相同的阶段，只不过领养的小孩掌握的速度要快一些。故
A是正确答案。
34．B。细节题。题干：哈佛大学的研究表明，__________。根据第四段最后一句“Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process．”，可知学习像大人如何聊天是一个循序渐进的过程。故B是正确答案。
35．C。细节题。题干：作者提到“关键时期”，这个时期是指__________。根据第五段最后两句可知，有一些成年人学习第二外语的效果不好，所以研究人员一直怀疑学习语言是不是有一个“关键时期”，过了这个时期，学习语言就没有那么顺利了。故C是正确答案。
第二篇
36．A。细节题。题干：如果两个姐妹是同卵双生的双胞胎，她们的DNA是__________。根据第一段最后一句可知，生物姊妹体(如完全相同的双胞胎)除外，每一个体的整条DNA是独一无二的，也就是说同卵双生的双胞胎的DNA是一样的。故A是正确答案。
37．D。细节题。题干：DNA指纹是一项__________技术。根据文中第二段第二句“It is a method ofidentification that compares bits ofDNA．”可知，这是一种通过比较少量DNA的鉴别方法。故D是正确答案。
38．D。细节题。题干：DNA指纹技术首次使用于__________。根据文中第三段第三句中间“DNA fingerprinting was fwst developed as an identification technique in l 985．Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases，it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs．”可知，DNA指纹首次作为鉴别技术进行开发是在1985年。开始是用来探测遗传疾病的，很快便被应用于刑事调查与法律事务。故D是正确答案。
39．A。细节题。题干：人们质疑DNA指纹技术是因为__________。文中第四段提到了五个DNA指纹技术受到质疑的理由：首先，由于是DNA切片而并非完整的DNA被作为指纹进行研究；DNA指纹可能并非独一无二：尚未进行过大规模研究以证实DNA指纹测试结果是独一无二的。此外，DNA指纹常常是在私人实验室做的，可能并不遵循统一的测试标准与质量控制。再有，既然必须由人来解释测试，人为的错误可能导致错误结果。所以四个选项中只有A涉及其中的一点，故A是正确答案。
40．A。推断题。题干：从文章的第五段可以推断出DNA指纹技术__________。第五段首句就提到DNA指纹颇为昂贵，接着又举例论证这种昂贵情况带来的某种后果。故A是正确答案。
第三篇
41．B。细节题。题干：为什么野生物学家去了非洲卡拉哈里沙漠?根据第一段第三句可知，他们的主要目的是研究獾的行为习性。故B是正确答案。
42．A。细节题。题干：关于蜜獾，Kitso Khama说__________。根据第二段第一句可知，蜜獾对于新事物天生就有好奇心。故A是正确答案。
43．B。细节题。题干：关于蜜獾，这个小组发现__________。根据文中第三段第三句和第四句“The researchers were surprised，however,by the animal’s fondness for local melons，probably because of their high water content．Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey．”可知，研究者之前认为獾通过猎物获取所有的水分需求，而现在则惊奇地发现獾很喜欢当地的瓜类，这可能是因为瓜类含有很多的水分。故B是正确答案。
44．B。细节题。题干：下面哪一项是雄性蜜獾的典型特征。根据文中第四段第一句可知，跟踪拍摄雄性蜜獾具有挑战性，因为它们在很短的时间内就可以跑很远的距离。故B是正确答案。
45．B。细节题。题干：当蜜獾周围有人的时候会怎么样?根据文中最后一段第一句可知，当蜜獾周围有人的时候，它们就对人不再好奇或突然发起进攻，人就可以直接接近它们。故B是正确答案。
