【www.tingchehu.com--高中周记】
【课文】Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.听录音，然后回答以下问题。Whatisthemostinfluentialfactorinanyhum...下面是小编收集整理的新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记Lesson六篇精选，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
【课文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the most influential factor in any human society?
In man"s early days. competition with other creatures must have been critical. But this phase of our development is now finished. Indeed, we lack practice and experience nowadays in dealing with primitive conditions. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone. The last creature to compete with man was the mosquito. But even the mosquito has been subdued by attention to drainage and by chemical sprays.
Competition between our selves, person against person, community against community, still persists, however; and it is as fierce as it ever was.
But the competition of man against man is not the simple process envisioned in biology. It is not a simple competition for a fixed amount of food determined by the physical environment, because the environment that determines our evolution is no longer essentially physical. Our environment is chiefly conditoned by the things we believe. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar latitudes, both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources. Yet their present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants. This is the point I wish to emphasize. The most important factor in our environment is the state of our own minds.
It is well known that where the white man has invaded a primitive culture, the most destructive effects have come not from physical weapons but from ideas. Ideas are dangerous. The Holy Office knew this full well when it caused heretics to be burned in days gone by. Indeed, the concept of free speech only exists in our modern society because when you are inside a community, you are conditioned by the conventions of the community to such a degree that it is very difficult to conceive of anything really destructive. It is only someone looking on from outside that can inject the dangerous thoughts. I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us. I would like to give you an example, but fortunately I cannot do so. Perhaps it will suffice to mention the nuclear bomb. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down, or even destroying it. I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain, but of course I cannot do so because I am a prisoner of the present-day world, just as all of you are. We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to, or, to be more accurate, we can think only a very little way outside, and then only if we are very original.
FRED HOYLE Of Men and Galaxies
【New words and expressions 生词和短语】
dispute v. 争夺
mosquito n. 蚊子
subdue v. 征服
drainage n. 下水系统
envision n. 预想
Morocco n. 摩洛哥
latitude n. 纬度
heretic n. 异教徒，异端邪说
conceive v. 想像
suffice v. 足够
nuclear adj. 原子弹的
original adj.有独到见解的
【课文注释】
1.make a very poor show 出丑
2.dispute
v.
① 争论
例句：The couple disputed where to spend the holiday.
夫妻俩为上哪儿度假而发生争论。
②争议
例句：Now there was just one point on the boundary left to dispute.
边界上有一点引起争议。
The land near the border is disputed ground.
靠近边界的土地是有争议的地区。
③质疑
例句：The family wanted to dispute the will.
家属想对遗嘱提出质疑。
n. 争论，争端，争吵
【词义辨析】
argue, quarrel, debate, dispute, discuss, reason这些动词均含“辩论，争论，说理”之意。
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
controversy, argument, conflict, debate, dispute, quarrel, strife这组名词均有“争执、不和”之意。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
3.I stand alone 仅我一人
4.The last creature to compete with man 其中的last有“极不可能的”的意思。
5.subdue v. 使服从，压制，减弱
例句：No one has been able to subdue these areas.
从没有人能够压制这一地区。
Soames made a tour of the room, to subdue his rising anger.
索米斯在屋内兜了一圈，压制一下心头升起的怒火。
【词义辨析】
conquer, overcome, overthrow, defeat, beat, subdue 这些动词均含“征服，战胜”之意。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态;也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
6.envision vt. 想象，设想
例句：I can"t envision him doing such a terrible thing.
我不敢想象他能做出这种可怕的事。
I cannot envision him as president.
我无法想像他是总统。
They didn"t envision any problems with the new building.
他们没想到这栋新楼会有什么问题。
7.The Holy Office knew this full well when it caused heretics to be burned in days gone by. the Holy Office是指罗马天主教的宗教法庭;full well 中的full是副词，有very的意思;gone by 作days的定语，整个词组的意思是“过去的日子”。
8.inject v.
①注射
例句：The nurse injected penicillin into her arm.
护士给她的胳膊注射了青霉素。
His medicine is a drug that can be injected or taken by mouth.
他的药可以注射或口服。
②注入
例句：His appointment may inject some new life into the committee.
他的任命可能给这委员会注入新生命。
③引入
例句：He injected new ideas into the discussion.
他把新的概念引入讨论中。
9. suffice v. 足够
例句：Two meals a day suffice an old man.
老人一天二餐就足够了。
The rations will suffice until next week.
这些口粮足够吃到下星期。
An hour should suffice for the journey.
这点路程一小时足够了。
The rules will suffice for all ordinary needs.
这些规定将能满足所有一般场合的需要。
【参考译文】
在人类早期，人类与其他生物的竞争一定是必不可少的。但这个发展阶段已经结束。确实，我们今天缺乏对付原始环境的实践和经验。我断定，如果没有现代化的武器，要我和一只熊去争洞穴，我会出洋相的;我也相信，出洋相者并非我一人。能与竞争的生物最后只有蚊子，然而即使蚊子，也由于我们注意清理污水和喷洒化学药品就被制服了。
然而人类之间的战争，人与人，团体与团体，依然在进行着，而且和以前一样激烈。
但是，人与人的竞争并不像生物学中想像的那样是一个简单过程。它已不是为争得物质环境所决定的东西所决定。摩洛哥和加利福尼亚是地球上纬度极其相似的两个地方，都在各自大陆的西海岸，气候相似，自然资源也可能相似。但是，这两个地方目前的发展程度完全不一样。这倒不是因为人民不同，而是由于居民头脑中的思想不同。 这是我要强调的论点。我们环境中最重要的因素就是我们的思想状况。
众所周知，凡是白人侵入原始文化的地方，破坏作用的不是杀人的武器，而是思想。思想是危险的。宗教法庭对此是非常清楚的，因此从前它总是把异教徒烧死。的确，言论自由的概念只存在于我们现代社会中，因为当你生活在一个社团中时，社团的风俗习惯会严格地制约你，使你很难有破坏性的想法。只有外部的旁观者才能灌输危险的思想。向现代世界灌输一种思想以便摧毁我们人类是可能的事，对此我并不怀疑。我愿为你举个例子，但幸亏我举不出。也许提一下核弹就足以证明了。对一个尚未拥有核弹、但科技相当发达的社会，如果告诉它制造核弹的可能性，而且向它提供制造核弹的细节，那么可以设想，这将对这个社会产生何等的影响。如果把二三十页的情报交给1952年前后的任何一个世界强国，就足以改变世界历史的进程。二三十页材料中的思想和情报会将当今的世界翻天覆地，甚至毁灭这个世界。这是个离奇的想法。不过我认为这个想法是正确的。我常常试图想像这些纸上所写的东西，不过我是做不到的，因为我和你们大家一样，是当今世界上的凡人。我们不能脱离我们大脑所限定的模式去思考问题，我们只能稍微离开一点儿，就这也需要我们有独创的思想。
【课文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What does the "uniquely rational way" for us to communicate with other intelligent beings in space depend on?
We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start. Of all the planets in our solar system, we ware now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life can survive. Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer planets have temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. But other suns, start as the astronomers call them, are bound to have planets like our own, and as is the number of stars in the universe is so vast, this possibility becomes virtual certainty. There are one hundred thousand million starts in our own Milky Way alone, and then there are three thousand million other Milky Ways, or galaxies, in the universe. So the number of the stars that we know exist is now estimated at about 300 million million million.
Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
If then we are so certain that other intelligent life exists in the universe, why have we had no visitors from outer space yet? First of all, they may have come to this planet of ours thousands or millions of years ago, and found our then prevailing primitive state completely uninteresting to their own advanced knowledge. Professor Ronald Bracewell, a leading American radio astronomer, argued in Nature that such a superior civilization, on a visit to our own solar system, may have left an automatic messenger behind to await the possible awakening of an advanced civilization. Such a messenger, receiving our radio and television signals, might well re-transmit them back to its home-planet, although what impression any other civilization would thus get from us is best left unsaid.
But here we come up against the most difficult of all obstacles to contact with people on other planets -- the astronomical distances which separate us. As a reasonable guess, they might, on an average, be 100 light years away. (A light year is the distance which light travels at 186,000 miles per second in one year, namely 6 million million miles.) Radio waves also travel at the speed of light, and assuming such an automatic messenger picked up our first broadcasts of the 1920"s, the message to its home planet is barely halfway there. Similarly, our own present primitive chemical rockets, though good enough to orbit men, have no chance of transporting us to the nearest other star, four light years away, let alone distances of tens or hundreds of light years.
Fortunately, there is a "uniquely rational way" for us to communicate with other intelligent beings, as Walter Sullivan has put it in his excellent book, We Are not Alone. This depends on the precise radio frequency of the 21-cm wavelength, or 1420 megacycles per second. It is the natural frequency of emission of the hydrogen atoms in space and was discovered by us in 1951; it must be known to any kind of radio astronomer in the universe.
Once the existence of this wave-length had been discovered, it was not long before its use as the uniquely recognizable broadcasting frequency for interstellar communication was suggested. Without something of this kind, searching for intelligences on other planets would be like trying to meet a friend in London without a pre-arranged rendezvous and absurdly wandering the streets in the hope of a chance encounter.
ANTHONY MICHAELIS Are There Strangers in Space? from The Weekend Telegraph
【New words and expressions 生词和短语】
Mercury n. 水星
hydrogen n. 氢气
prevailing adj. 普遍的
radio astronomer 射电天方学家
uniquely adv. 地
rational adj. 合理的
radio frequency 无线电频率
cm n. 厘米
megacycle n. 兆周
emission n. 散发
intersteller adj.星际的
rendezvous n. 约会地点
【课文注释】
1.that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start 这是一个宾语从句，作动词conclude的宾语，其中given a planet…our own,过去分词短语作条件状语，given与if的意思相近，这个过去分词短语可译成“如果一个行星与我们所在的行星大致相同的话”。
2.life is almost certain to start 那几乎肯定会产生生命。
3.be bound to 必然， 必定
例句：You are bound to feel tired after a long walk.
长时间步行后你必然会感到疲劳。
He"s bound to notice your mistake.
他必定会觉察到你的错误。
4.prevailing adj. 盛行很广的， 普遍的
例句：Your price is out of line with the prevailing international market.
你方价格与现行世界市场行情不一致。
He wore his hair in the prevailing fashion.
他的头发梳的是当时盛行的发型。
5.is best left unsaid 不去说(它)
6.come up against 遇到，突然(或意外)，碰到(困难、反对等)
例句：He often came up against the problem of money.
他那时常常碰到钱的问题。
We expect to come up against a lot of opposition to the scheme.
我们预计这个计划要遭到很多人反对。
7.reasonable adj.
①合理的，
例句：The management took all reasonable safety precautions.
管理部门采取了一切合理的安全措施。
All you need is reasonable doubt.
你所需要的是合理怀疑。
②通情达理的，
例句：You are fortunate to have such a reasonable father.
你有这样一位通情达理的父亲，真是幸运。
③公平适度的
例句：At first sight their demands seemed reasonable.
乍看之下，他们的要求似乎公平合理。
8.emission n.
①散发
例句：In addition, wetland soils are known for methane emission, a greenhouse gas.
此外，湿地散发沼气这种温室气体，是人所共知的。
②发行
例句：The limitless emission of foreign currencies has an serious influence on the
country"s economy.
外汇的无限制发行严重影响了该国的经济。
③排放
例句：Emission of smoke from chimneys is an offense.
在这里排放烟雾是违法的事情。
9.absurdly wandering the streets in the hope of a chance encounter 荒唐得在街上
游逛，以期碰巧遇上一样。
10.absurdly
例句：For there was never proud man thought so absurdly well of himself, as the lover
doth of the person loved; and therefore it was well said, That it is impossible to
love, and to be wise.
因为甚至最骄傲的人，也甘愿在情人面前自轻自贱。所以古人说得好：“就是神在
爱情中也难保持聪明。”
11.wander v. 漫步，闲逛，徘徊
例句：I like to wander in the park after dinner.
我喜欢晚饭后在公园里闲逛。
The boy was wandering around.
男孩在那周围徘徊。
He likes to wander over the countryside.
他喜欢在乡间漫步。
The river wanders through some beautiful country.
这条河蜿蜒曲折地流经一些风景秀丽的乡村。
12.encounter
①n.意外的相见， 邂逅， 遭遇
例句：If both participate, it may be an actual encounter of bodiless consciousness.
如果是双向的，这会是一个真实的与灵魂的相见。
②v. 遇到，偶然碰到，遭遇
例句：Otherwise, we will encounter grave difficulties.
否则便将遇到极大的困难。
I encountered an old friend at Rome.
我在罗马邂逅了一个老朋友。
Don"t be afraid to encounter risks.
不要害怕遭遇危险。
【参考译文】
根据研究生命起源的人们所作的工作，我们必然会得出这样的结论：如果设想有一颗行星和我们地球的情况基本相似，那几乎肯定会产生生命。我们目前可以肯定的是，在我们太阳系的所有行星中，地球是生命能存在的行星。火星太干燥又缺氧，金星太热，水星也一样。除此之外，太阳系的其他行星的温度都接近绝对零度，并围绕着以氢气为主的大气层。但是，其他的太阳，既天文学家所说的恒星，肯定会有像我们地球一样的行星。因为宇宙中恒星的数目极其庞大，所以存在着产生生命星球的这种可能性是肯定无疑的。仅我们的银河系就有1000亿颗星，况且在宇宙中还有30亿个天河，即银河系。因此，我们所知道的现有恒星数目估计约有30亿X1000亿颗。
虽然在已经产生生命的某个地方，可能只有1%会发展成高度复杂有智力的生命形态，但是行星的数目是那么庞大，有智力的生命必然是宇宙的自然组成部分。
既然我们如此坚信宇宙中存在着其他有智力的生命，那么我们为什么还未见到外层空间来访的客人呢?首先，他们可能在几千年前或几百年前已来过我们地球，并且发现我们地球那时普遍存在着的原始状态同他们的先进的知识相比是索然无味的。美国一位重要的射电天文学家罗纳德.布雷斯韦尔教授在《自然》杂志上提出了这样的观点：假如有如此高级文明生命访问了我们的太阳系，很可能会在离开太阳系时留下自动化信号装置，等待先进文明的觉醒。这种自动化信息装置，在接收到我们的无线电和电视信号后，完全有可能把这些信号发回到原来的行星。至于其他文明行星对我们地球会有什么印象，还是不说为好。
然而，在和外星人联系中我们遇到的困难是分隔我们的天文距离。据合理推算，外星人离我们平均距离也有100光年之远(1光年是光以每秒186，000英里的速度在一年内走的距离即6万亿英里)。无线电波也是以光速传播的。假定外星人的这种自动化信息装置接收了我们二十世纪二十年代的第一次广播信号，那么这个信号在发回到原来的行星途中刚刚走了一半路程。同样，我们目前使用的原始化学火箭，虽然把人送入轨道，但尚不能把我们送到离我们最近、相距4光年的其他星球上去，更不用说几十光年或几百光年远的地方了。
幸运的是，有一种我们可以和其他智力生命通迅联系的“合理的方法”，正如活尔特.沙利方在其杰作《我们并不孤独》中阐述的。这种通迅联系要靠21厘米波段，即每秒1420兆周的精确无线电频率。这个频率是空间氢原子释放的自然频率，是在1951年被人类发现的。这个频率是宇宙中任何射电天文学家都应该熟悉的。
一旦这种波长的实际存在被发现，提出把它作为星际间可辨认的广播频率就为期不远了。没有这手段，要想寻觅其他星球上的智力生命，就如同去伦敦见一位朋友，事先未约定地点，而荒唐地在街上游逛，以期待碰巧遇上一样。
【课文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What influences us from the moment of birth?
Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.
The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the mature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.
Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people"s minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour"s superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.
RUTH BENEDICT Patterns of Culture
【New words and expressions 生词和短语】
commonplace adj. 平凡的
aberrant adj. 脱离常轨的，异常的
trivial adj. 微不足道的，琐细的
predominant adj. 占优势的，起支配作用的
manifest v. 表明
pristine adj. 纯洁的，质朴的
stereotype n. 陈规
vernacular n. 方言
accommodation n. 适应
incumbent adj. 义不容辞的，有责任的
preliminary adj. 初步的
proposition n. 主张
preferrential adj. 优先的
controversial adj. 引起争论的
cactus n. 仙人掌
termite n. 白蚁
nebula adj. 星云
variant n. 不同的
barbarian n. 野蛮人
pagan n. 异教徒
sophistication n. 老练
premise n. 前提
supernatural adj. 超自然的
【课文注释】
1.The inner workings of our own brains 这一部分是feel的宾语，为了强调而把宾语提前了，to be uniquely worthy of investigation 是宾语补足语。
2.commonplace
adj. 平凡的
例句：Poets interpret the commonplace freshly.
诗人能把平凡的事物描绘得有声有色。
He was an unambitious man destined for a commonplace job.
他是一个没有野心的人，注定要找一个平凡的工作。
n. 常事， 老生常谈， 普通的东西
例句：Soon it will be commonplace for men to travel to the moon.
人们去月球旅行很快就会成为常事。
What he has said is a mere commonplace.
他所说的无非是老生常谈而已。
Ms Reza"s notes also record his more commonplace traits.
另外，雷扎也记录了萨科奇更多平凡普通的特征。
3.the other way around 正好相反
4.taken the world over 是过去分词短语，做traditional custom的定语，taken前省略了it is, 意为：被全世界所接受的。
5.trivial adj. 不重要的，琐碎的
例句：It"s a trivial matter and not worth fighting about.
区区小事不值得争吵。
He could remember every trivial incident in great detail.
他能把每件小事的细节都记得很清楚。
6.predominant adj. 主要的，占优势的，显著的
例句：The predominant feature of his character was pride.
他的性格中主要的特点是骄傲。
Which country is the predominant member of the alliance?
哪个国家在联盟中居于支配地位?
【词义辨析】
dominant, predominant, sovereign 这些形容词均含有“占优势的，支配其它的”之意。
dominant: 强调。
predominant: 侧重指影响与新近的优势。
sovereign: 侧重指其他事物都从属于或低于它的。
7.manifest vt. 显示， 证实， 表露
例句：His generosity manifests itself in times of difficulties.
他的慷慨在困境中表现了出来。
No one can manifest the truth of his statement.
没人能证明他讲的是真话。
The contradiction manifested itself in the employment situation.
在就业问题上矛盾暴露了。
8.go behind these stereotypes 摆脱这些旧框框
9. his very concepts 其中的very是形容词，用于加强语气。
10.have reference to 参照……，与……有关
11.as against …is as…against 意为：与……相比较就如同……与……相比。
12.be taken up into 被接纳进
13.autonomously adv.自治地，自律地
14.first and foremost 首先
例句：In spite of her recent election success, she remains first and foremost a writer,
not a politician.
尽管她最近竞选获胜，但她首先是一位作家，而不是一位政治家。
First and foremost, I think you should work harder on your biology.
首先，我认为你应该多在生物学上下功夫。
15.the thousandth part 等于the thousandth part of the customs。
16.incumbent adj. 负有义务的，有责任的
例句：It is incumbent on me to reclaim him.
劝他改过是我义不容辞的义务。
I think it"s incumbent upon us to support him.
我变为支持他是我们义不容辞的责任。
17.let us say 譬如说
【参考译文】
风俗一般未被认为是什么重要的课题。我们觉得，只有我们大脑内部的活动情况才值得研究，至于风俗呢，只是些司空见惯的行为而已。事实小，情况正好相反。从世界范围来看，传统风俗是由许多细节性的习惯行为组成，它比任何一个养成的行为都更加引人注目，不管个人行为多么异常。这只是问题的一个次要的侧面。最重要的是，风俗在实践中和信仰上所起的举足轻重的作用，以及它所表现出来的极其丰富多采的形式。
没有一个人是用纯洁而无偏见的眼光看待世界。人们所看到的是一个受特定风俗习惯、制度和思想方式剪辑过的世界。甚至在哲学领域的探索中，人们也无法超越这些定型的框框。人们关于真与伪的概念依然和特定的传统风俗有关。约翰.杜威曾经非常严肃地指出：风俗在形成个人行为方面所起的作用和一个对风俗的任何影响相比，就好像他本国语言的总词汇量和自己咿呀学语时他家庭所接纳的他的词汇量之比。当一个人认真地研究自发形成的社会秩序时，杜威的比喻就是他实事求是观察得来的形象化的说法。个人的生活史首先是适应他的社团世代相传形成的生活方式和准则。从他呱呱坠地的时刻起，他所生于其中的风俗就开始塑造他的经历和行为规范。到会说话时，他就是传统文化塑造的一个小孩子;等他长大了，能做各种事了，他的社团的习惯就是他的习惯，他的社团的信仰就是他的信仰，他的社团不能做的事就是他不能做的事。每一个和他诞生在同一个社团中的孩子和他一样具有相同的风俗;而在地球的另一边。诞生在另一个社团的孩子与他就是少有相同的风俗。没有任何一个社会问题比得上风俗的作用问题更要求我们对它理解。直到我们理解了风俗的规律性和多样性，我们才能明白人为生活中主要的复杂现象。
只有在某些基本的主张被接受下来、同时有些主张被激烈反对时，对风俗的研究才是全面的，才会有收获。首先，任何科学研究都要求人们对可供考虑的诸多因素不能厚此薄彼，偏向某一方面。在一切争议较小的领域里，如对仙人掌、白蚁或星云性质的研究，应采取的研究方法是。把有关各方面的材料汇集起来，同时注意任何可能出现的异常情况和条件。例如，用这种方法，我们完全掌握了天文学的规律和昆虫群居的习性。只是在对人类自身的研究。只要我们同原始人，我们同野蛮人，我们同异教徒之间存有的区别在人的思想中占主导地位，那么人类学按其定义来说就无法存在。我们首先需要达到这样一种成熟的程度：不用自己的信仰去反对我们邻居的迷信。必须认识到，这些建立在相同前提基础上的风俗，暂且可以说是超自然的东西，必须放在一起加以考虑，我们自己的风俗和其他民族的风俗都在其中。
【课文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What influences us from the moment of birth?
Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.
The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the mature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.
Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people"s minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour"s superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.
RUTH BENEDICT Patterns of Culture
【New words and expressions 生词和短语】
commonplace adj. 平凡的
aberrant adj. 脱离常轨的，异常的
trivial adj. 微不足道的，琐细的
predominant adj. 占优势的，起支配作用的
manifest v. 表明
pristine adj. 纯洁的，质朴的
stereotype n. 陈规
vernacular n. 方言
accommodation n. 适应
incumbent adj. 义不容辞的，有责任的
preliminary adj. 初步的
proposition n. 主张
preferrential adj. 优先的
controversial adj. 引起争论的
cactus n. 仙人掌
termite n. 白蚁
nebula adj. 星云
variant n. 不同的
barbarian n. 野蛮人
pagan n. 异教徒
sophistication n. 老练
premise n. 前提
supernatural adj. 超自然的
【课文注释】
1.The inner workings of our own brains 这一部分是feel的宾语，为了强调而把宾语提前了，to be uniquely worthy of investigation 是宾语补足语。
2.commonplace
adj. 平凡的
例句：Poets interpret the commonplace freshly.
诗人能把平凡的事物描绘得有声有色。
He was an unambitious man destined for a commonplace job.
他是一个没有野心的人，注定要找一个平凡的工作。
n. 常事， 老生常谈， 普通的东西
例句：Soon it will be commonplace for men to travel to the moon.
人们去月球旅行很快就会成为常事。
What he has said is a mere commonplace.
他所说的无非是老生常谈而已。
Ms Reza"s notes also record his more commonplace traits.
另外，雷扎也记录了萨科奇更多平凡普通的特征。
3.the other way around 正好相反
4.taken the world over 是过去分词短语，做traditional custom的定语，taken前省略了it is, 意为：被全世界所接受的。
5.trivial adj. 不重要的，琐碎的
例句：It"s a trivial matter and not worth fighting about.
区区小事不值得争吵。
He could remember every trivial incident in great detail.
他能把每件小事的细节都记得很清楚。
6.predominant adj. 主要的，占优势的，显著的
例句：The predominant feature of his character was pride.
他的性格中主要的特点是骄傲。
Which country is the predominant member of the alliance?
哪个国家在联盟中居于支配地位?
【词义辨析】
dominant, predominant, sovereign 这些形容词均含有“占优势的，支配其它的”之意。
dominant: 强调。
predominant: 侧重指影响与新近的优势。
sovereign: 侧重指其他事物都从属于或低于它的。
7.manifest vt. 显示， 证实， 表露
例句：His generosity manifests itself in times of difficulties.
他的慷慨在困境中表现了出来。
No one can manifest the truth of his statement.
没人能证明他讲的是真话。
The contradiction manifested itself in the employment situation.
在就业问题上矛盾暴露了。
8.go behind these stereotypes 摆脱这些旧框框
9. his very concepts 其中的very是形容词，用于加强语气。
10.have reference to 参照……，与……有关
11.as against …is as…against 意为：与……相比较就如同……与……相比。
12.be taken up into 被接纳进
13.autonomously adv.自治地，自律地
14.first and foremost 首先
例句：In spite of her recent election success, she remains first and foremost a writer,
not a politician.
尽管她最近竞选获胜，但她首先是一位作家，而不是一位政治家。
First and foremost, I think you should work harder on your biology.
首先，我认为你应该多在生物学上下功夫。
15.the thousandth part 等于the thousandth part of the customs。
16.incumbent adj. 负有义务的，有责任的
例句：It is incumbent on me to reclaim him.
劝他改过是我义不容辞的义务。
I think it"s incumbent upon us to support him.
我变为支持他是我们义不容辞的责任。
17.let us say 譬如说
【参考译文】
风俗一般未被认为是什么重要的课题。我们觉得，只有我们大脑内部的活动情况才值得研究，至于风俗呢，只是些司空见惯的行为而已。事实小，情况正好相反。从世界范围来看，传统风俗是由许多细节性的习惯行为组成，它比任何一个养成的行为都更加引人注目，不管个人行为多么异常。这只是问题的一个次要的侧面。最重要的是，风俗在实践中和信仰上所起的举足轻重的作用，以及它所表现出来的极其丰富多采的形式。
没有一个人是用纯洁而无偏见的眼光看待世界。人们所看到的是一个受特定风俗习惯、制度和思想方式剪辑过的世界。甚至在哲学领域的探索中，人们也无法超越这些定型的框框。人们关于真与伪的概念依然和特定的传统风俗有关。约翰.杜威曾经非常严肃地指出：风俗在形成个人行为方面所起的作用和一个对风俗的任何影响相比，就好像他本国语言的总词汇量和自己咿呀学语时他家庭所接纳的他的词汇量之比。当一个人认真地研究自发形成的社会秩序时，杜威的比喻就是他实事求是观察得来的形象化的说法。个人的生活史首先是适应他的社团世代相传形成的生活方式和准则。从他呱呱坠地的时刻起，他所生于其中的风俗就开始塑造他的经历和行为规范。到会说话时，他就是传统文化塑造的一个小孩子;等他长大了，能做各种事了，他的社团的习惯就是他的习惯，他的社团的信仰就是他的信仰，他的社团不能做的事就是他不能做的事。每一个和他诞生在同一个社团中的孩子和他一样具有相同的风俗;而在地球的另一边。诞生在另一个社团的孩子与他就是少有相同的风俗。没有任何一个社会问题比得上风俗的作用问题更要求我们对它理解。直到我们理解了风俗的规律性和多样性，我们才能明白人为生活中主要的复杂现象。
只有在某些基本的主张被接受下来、同时有些主张被激烈反对时，对风俗的研究才是全面的，才会有收获。首先，任何科学研究都要求人们对可供考虑的诸多因素不能厚此薄彼，偏向某一方面。在一切争议较小的领域里，如对仙人掌、白蚁或星云性质的研究，应采取的研究方法是。把有关各方面的材料汇集起来，同时注意任何可能出现的异常情况和条件。例如，用这种方法，我们完全掌握了天文学的规律和昆虫群居的习性。只是在对人类自身的研究。只要我们同原始人，我们同野蛮人，我们同异教徒之间存有的区别在人的思想中占主导地位，那么人类学按其定义来说就无法存在。我们首先需要达到这样一种成熟的程度：不用自己的信仰去反对我们邻居的迷信。必须认识到，这些建立在相同前提基础上的风俗，暂且可以说是超自然的东西，必须放在一起加以考虑，我们自己的风俗和其他民族的风俗都在其中。
【课文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the most influential factor in any human society?
In man"s early days. competition with other creatures must have been critical. But this phase of our development is now finished. Indeed, we lack practice and experience nowadays in dealing with primitive conditions. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone. The last creature to compete with man was the mosquito. But even the mosquito has been subdued by attention to drainage and by chemical sprays.
Competition between our selves, person against person, community against community, still persists, however; and it is as fierce as it ever was.
But the competition of man against man is not the simple process envisioned in biology. It is not a simple competition for a fixed amount of food determined by the physical environment, because the environment that determines our evolution is no longer essentially physical. Our environment is chiefly conditoned by the things we believe. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar latitudes, both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources. Yet their present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants. This is the point I wish to emphasize. The most important factor in our environment is the state of our own minds.
It is well known that where the white man has invaded a primitive culture, the most destructive effects have come not from physical weapons but from ideas. Ideas are dangerous. The Holy Office knew this full well when it caused heretics to be burned in days gone by. Indeed, the concept of free speech only exists in our modern society because when you are inside a community, you are conditioned by the conventions of the community to such a degree that it is very difficult to conceive of anything really destructive. It is only someone looking on from outside that can inject the dangerous thoughts. I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us. I would like to give you an example, but fortunately I cannot do so. Perhaps it will suffice to mention the nuclear bomb. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down, or even destroying it. I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain, but of course I cannot do so because I am a prisoner of the present-day world, just as all of you are. We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to, or, to be more accurate, we can think only a very little way outside, and then only if we are very original.
FRED HOYLE Of Men and Galaxies
【New words and expressions 生词和短语】
dispute v. 争夺
mosquito n. 蚊子
subdue v. 征服
drainage n. 下水系统
envision n. 预想
Morocco n. 摩洛哥
latitude n. 纬度
heretic n. 异教徒，异端邪说
conceive v. 想像
suffice v. 足够
nuclear adj. 原子弹的
original adj.有独到见解的
【课文注释】
1.make a very poor show 出丑
2.dispute
v.
① 争论
例句：The couple disputed where to spend the holiday.
夫妻俩为上哪儿度假而发生争论。
②争议
例句：Now there was just one point on the boundary left to dispute.
边界上有一点引起争议。
The land near the border is disputed ground.
靠近边界的土地是有争议的地区。
③质疑
例句：The family wanted to dispute the will.
家属想对遗嘱提出质疑。
n. 争论，争端，争吵
【词义辨析】
argue, quarrel, debate, dispute, discuss, reason这些动词均含“辩论，争论，说理”之意。
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
controversy, argument, conflict, debate, dispute, quarrel, strife这组名词均有“争执、不和”之意。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
3.I stand alone 仅我一人
4.The last creature to compete with man 其中的last有“极不可能的”的意思。
5.subdue v. 使服从，压制，减弱
例句：No one has been able to subdue these areas.
从没有人能够压制这一地区。
Soames made a tour of the room, to subdue his rising anger.
索米斯在屋内兜了一圈，压制一下心头升起的怒火。
【词义辨析】
conquer, overcome, overthrow, defeat, beat, subdue 这些动词均含“征服，战胜”之意。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态;也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
6.envision vt. 想象，设想
例句：I can"t envision him doing such a terrible thing.
我不敢想象他能做出这种可怕的事。
I cannot envision him as president.
我无法想像他是总统。
They didn"t envision any problems with the new building.
他们没想到这栋新楼会有什么问题。
7.The Holy Office knew this full well when it caused heretics to be burned in days gone by. the Holy Office是指罗马天主教的宗教法庭;full well 中的full是副词，有very的意思;gone by 作days的定语，整个词组的意思是“过去的日子”。
8.inject v.
①注射
例句：The nurse injected penicillin into her arm.
护士给她的胳膊注射了青霉素。
His medicine is a drug that can be injected or taken by mouth.
他的药可以注射或口服。
②注入
例句：His appointment may inject some new life into the committee.
他的任命可能给这委员会注入新生命。
③引入
例句：He injected new ideas into the discussion.
他把新的概念引入讨论中。
9. suffice v. 足够
例句：Two meals a day suffice an old man.
老人一天二餐就足够了。
The rations will suffice until next week.
这些口粮足够吃到下星期。
An hour should suffice for the journey.
这点路程一小时足够了。
The rules will suffice for all ordinary needs.
这些规定将能满足所有一般场合的需要。
【参考译文】
在人类早期，人类与其他生物的竞争一定是必不可少的。但这个发展阶段已经结束。确实，我们今天缺乏对付原始环境的实践和经验。我断定，如果没有现代化的武器，要我和一只熊去争洞穴，我会出洋相的;我也相信，出洋相者并非我一人。能与竞争的生物最后只有蚊子，然而即使蚊子，也由于我们注意清理污水和喷洒化学药品就被制服了。
然而人类之间的战争，人与人，团体与团体，依然在进行着，而且和以前一样激烈。
但是，人与人的竞争并不像生物学中想像的那样是一个简单过程。它已不是为争得物质环境所决定的东西所决定。摩洛哥和加利福尼亚是地球上纬度极其相似的两个地方，都在各自大陆的西海岸，气候相似，自然资源也可能相似。但是，这两个地方目前的发展程度完全不一样。这倒不是因为人民不同，而是由于居民头脑中的思想不同。 这是我要强调的论点。我们环境中最重要的因素就是我们的思想状况。
众所周知，凡是白人侵入原始文化的地方，破坏作用的不是杀人的武器，而是思想。思想是危险的。宗教法庭对此是非常清楚的，因此从前它总是把异教徒烧死。的确，言论自由的概念只存在于我们现代社会中，因为当你生活在一个社团中时，社团的风俗习惯会严格地制约你，使你很难有破坏性的想法。只有外部的旁观者才能灌输危险的思想。向现代世界灌输一种思想以便摧毁我们人类是可能的事，对此我并不怀疑。我愿为你举个例子，但幸亏我举不出。也许提一下核弹就足以证明了。对一个尚未拥有核弹、但科技相当发达的社会，如果告诉它制造核弹的可能性，而且向它提供制造核弹的细节，那么可以设想，这将对这个社会产生何等的影响。如果把二三十页的情报交给1952年前后的任何一个世界强国，就足以改变世界历史的进程。二三十页材料中的思想和情报会将当今的世界翻天覆地，甚至毁灭这个世界。这是个离奇的想法。不过我认为这个想法是正确的。我常常试图想像这些纸上所写的东西，不过我是做不到的，因为我和你们大家一样，是当今世界上的凡人。我们不能脱离我们大脑所限定的模式去思考问题，我们只能稍微离开一点儿，就这也需要我们有独创的思想。
【课文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What does the "uniquely rational way" for us to communicate with other intelligent beings in space depend on?
We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start. Of all the planets in our solar system, we ware now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life can survive. Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer planets have temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. But other suns, start as the astronomers call them, are bound to have planets like our own, and as is the number of stars in the universe is so vast, this possibility becomes virtual certainty. There are one hundred thousand million starts in our own Milky Way alone, and then there are three thousand million other Milky Ways, or galaxies, in the universe. So the number of the stars that we know exist is now estimated at about 300 million million million.
Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
If then we are so certain that other intelligent life exists in the universe, why have we had no visitors from outer space yet? First of all, they may have come to this planet of ours thousands or millions of years ago, and found our then prevailing primitive state completely uninteresting to their own advanced knowledge. Professor Ronald Bracewell, a leading American radio astronomer, argued in Nature that such a superior civilization, on a visit to our own solar system, may have left an automatic messenger behind to await the possible awakening of an advanced civilization. Such a messenger, receiving our radio and television signals, might well re-transmit them back to its home-planet, although what impression any other civilization would thus get from us is best left unsaid.
But here we come up against the most difficult of all obstacles to contact with people on other planets -- the astronomical distances which separate us. As a reasonable guess, they might, on an average, be 100 light years away. (A light year is the distance which light travels at 186,000 miles per second in one year, namely 6 million million miles.) Radio waves also travel at the speed of light, and assuming such an automatic messenger picked up our first broadcasts of the 1920"s, the message to its home planet is barely halfway there. Similarly, our own present primitive chemical rockets, though good enough to orbit men, have no chance of transporting us to the nearest other star, four light years away, let alone distances of tens or hundreds of light years.
Fortunately, there is a "uniquely rational way" for us to communicate with other intelligent beings, as Walter Sullivan has put it in his excellent book, We Are not Alone. This depends on the precise radio frequency of the 21-cm wavelength, or 1420 megacycles per second. It is the natural frequency of emission of the hydrogen atoms in space and was discovered by us in 1951; it must be known to any kind of radio astronomer in the universe.
Once the existence of this wave-length had been discovered, it was not long before its use as the uniquely recognizable broadcasting frequency for interstellar communication was suggested. Without something of this kind, searching for intelligences on other planets would be like trying to meet a friend in London without a pre-arranged rendezvous and absurdly wandering the streets in the hope of a chance encounter.
ANTHONY MICHAELIS Are There Strangers in Space? from The Weekend Telegraph
【New words and expressions 生词和短语】
Mercury n. 水星
hydrogen n. 氢气
prevailing adj. 普遍的
radio astronomer 射电天方学家
uniquely adv. 地
rational adj. 合理的
radio frequency 无线电频率
cm n. 厘米
megacycle n. 兆周
emission n. 散发
intersteller adj.星际的
rendezvous n. 约会地点
【课文注释】
1.that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start 这是一个宾语从句，作动词conclude的宾语，其中given a planet…our own,过去分词短语作条件状语，given与if的意思相近，这个过去分词短语可译成“如果一个行星与我们所在的行星大致相同的话”。
2.life is almost certain to start 那几乎肯定会产生生命。
3.be bound to 必然， 必定
例句：You are bound to feel tired after a long walk.
长时间步行后你必然会感到疲劳。
He"s bound to notice your mistake.
他必定会觉察到你的错误。
4.prevailing adj. 盛行很广的， 普遍的
例句：Your price is out of line with the prevailing international market.
你方价格与现行世界市场行情不一致。
He wore his hair in the prevailing fashion.
他的头发梳的是当时盛行的发型。
5.is best left unsaid 不去说(它)
6.come up against 遇到，突然(或意外)，碰到(困难、反对等)
例句：He often came up against the problem of money.
他那时常常碰到钱的问题。
We expect to come up against a lot of opposition to the scheme.
我们预计这个计划要遭到很多人反对。
7.reasonable adj.
①合理的，
例句：The management took all reasonable safety precautions.
管理部门采取了一切合理的安全措施。
All you need is reasonable doubt.
你所需要的是合理怀疑。
②通情达理的，
例句：You are fortunate to have such a reasonable father.
你有这样一位通情达理的父亲，真是幸运。
③公平适度的
例句：At first sight their demands seemed reasonable.
乍看之下，他们的要求似乎公平合理。
8.emission n.
①散发
例句：In addition, wetland soils are known for methane emission, a greenhouse gas.
此外，湿地散发沼气这种温室气体，是人所共知的。
②发行
例句：The limitless emission of foreign currencies has an serious influence on the
country"s economy.
外汇的无限制发行严重影响了该国的经济。
③排放
例句：Emission of smoke from chimneys is an offense.
在这里排放烟雾是违法的事情。
9.absurdly wandering the streets in the hope of a chance encounter 荒唐得在街上
游逛，以期碰巧遇上一样。
10.absurdly
例句：For there was never proud man thought so absurdly well of himself, as the lover
doth of the person loved; and therefore it was well said, That it is impossible to
love, and to be wise.
因为甚至最骄傲的人，也甘愿在情人面前自轻自贱。所以古人说得好：“就是神在
爱情中也难保持聪明。”
11.wander v. 漫步，闲逛，徘徊
例句：I like to wander in the park after dinner.
我喜欢晚饭后在公园里闲逛。
The boy was wandering around.
男孩在那周围徘徊。
He likes to wander over the countryside.
他喜欢在乡间漫步。
The river wanders through some beautiful country.
这条河蜿蜒曲折地流经一些风景秀丽的乡村。
12.encounter
①n.意外的相见， 邂逅， 遭遇
例句：If both participate, it may be an actual encounter of bodiless consciousness.
如果是双向的，这会是一个真实的与灵魂的相见。
②v. 遇到，偶然碰到，遭遇
例句：Otherwise, we will encounter grave difficulties.
否则便将遇到极大的困难。
I encountered an old friend at Rome.
我在罗马邂逅了一个老朋友。
Don"t be afraid to encounter risks.
不要害怕遭遇危险。
【参考译文】
根据研究生命起源的人们所作的工作，我们必然会得出这样的结论：如果设想有一颗行星和我们地球的情况基本相似，那几乎肯定会产生生命。我们目前可以肯定的是，在我们太阳系的所有行星中，地球是生命能存在的行星。火星太干燥又缺氧，金星太热，水星也一样。除此之外，太阳系的其他行星的温度都接近绝对零度，并围绕着以氢气为主的大气层。但是，其他的太阳，既天文学家所说的恒星，肯定会有像我们地球一样的行星。因为宇宙中恒星的数目极其庞大，所以存在着产生生命星球的这种可能性是肯定无疑的。仅我们的银河系就有1000亿颗星，况且在宇宙中还有30亿个天河，即银河系。因此，我们所知道的现有恒星数目估计约有30亿X1000亿颗。
虽然在已经产生生命的某个地方，可能只有1%会发展成高度复杂有智力的生命形态，但是行星的数目是那么庞大，有智力的生命必然是宇宙的自然组成部分。
既然我们如此坚信宇宙中存在着其他有智力的生命，那么我们为什么还未见到外层空间来访的客人呢?首先，他们可能在几千年前或几百年前已来过我们地球，并且发现我们地球那时普遍存在着的原始状态同他们的先进的知识相比是索然无味的。美国一位重要的射电天文学家罗纳德.布雷斯韦尔教授在《自然》杂志上提出了这样的观点：假如有如此高级文明生命访问了我们的太阳系，很可能会在离开太阳系时留下自动化信号装置，等待先进文明的觉醒。这种自动化信息装置，在接收到我们的无线电和电视信号后，完全有可能把这些信号发回到原来的行星。至于其他文明行星对我们地球会有什么印象，还是不说为好。
然而，在和外星人联系中我们遇到的困难是分隔我们的天文距离。据合理推算，外星人离我们平均距离也有100光年之远(1光年是光以每秒186，000英里的速度在一年内走的距离即6万亿英里)。无线电波也是以光速传播的。假定外星人的这种自动化信息装置接收了我们二十世纪二十年代的第一次广播信号，那么这个信号在发回到原来的行星途中刚刚走了一半路程。同样，我们目前使用的原始化学火箭，虽然把人送入轨道，但尚不能把我们送到离我们最近、相距4光年的其他星球上去，更不用说几十光年或几百光年远的地方了。
幸运的是，有一种我们可以和其他智力生命通迅联系的“合理的方法”，正如活尔特.沙利方在其杰作《我们并不孤独》中阐述的。这种通迅联系要靠21厘米波段，即每秒1420兆周的精确无线电频率。这个频率是空间氢原子释放的自然频率，是在1951年被人类发现的。这个频率是宇宙中任何射电天文学家都应该熟悉的。
一旦这种波长的实际存在被发现，提出把它作为星际间可辨认的广播频率就为期不远了。没有这手段，要想寻觅其他星球上的智力生命，就如同去伦敦见一位朋友，事先未约定地点，而荒唐地在街上游逛，以期待碰巧遇上一样。
上一篇：赣州交通违章查询